Etiology of healthcare-associated infections in the Russian Federation in 2018–2024
Objective. Evaluation of the etiological structure of pathogens causing surgical site infections (SSIs), lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), and urinary tract infections (UTIs).Abrosimova O.A., Orlova O.A., Sycheva N.V., Tutelyan A.V., Akimkin V.G.
Materials and methods. Pathogen monitoring using specially developed data collection forms over a period of 7 years in 36 constituent entities of the Russian Federation was conducted. The coverage of etiologic deciphering of SSI, LRTI, and UTI cases over the entire observation period was 84.43% (95% CI 80.38–88.48).
Results. The leading pathogens for UTI were K. pneumoniae (25.71%, 95% CI 22.69–28.72), E. coli (18.95%, 95% CI 16.01–21.89), and Enterococcus spp. (16.19%, 95% CI 13.68–18.69). In the etiology of LRTI, the most significant were: K. pneumoniae – 19.77% (95% CI 17.43–22.11), the group “other microorganisms” – 14.96% (95% CI 6.14–23.78), the group “other gram-positive microorganisms” – 11.37% (95% CI 9.43–13.31). The predominant etiologic pathogens in SSIs over the 7-year period were: S. aureus – 20.56% (95% CI 19.91–21.21), E. coli – 17.3% (95% CI 16.41–18.20), K. pneumoniae – 12.37% (95% CI 11.68–13.07), and S. epidermidis – 10.23% (95% CI 9.66–10.79).
Conclusion. The etiologic pathogens in HAIs remained stable over the observation period, but regional differences were observed when comparing the results with data from other studies.
Keywords
healthcare-associated infections
nosocomial infections
surgical site infections
References
1. World Health Organization. Global report on infection prevention and control. Geneva: 2022. https://www.who.int/publications/item/ 9789240051164
2. Global Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance Burden Estimates. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), University of Oxford; 2019. Seattle, United States of America: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), 2022. DOI: 10.6069/DBG1-V028
3. Vincent J.L., Sakr Y., Singer M., Martin-Loeches I., Machado F.R., Marshall J.C. et al. Prevalence and outcomes of infection among patients in intensive care units in 2017. JAMA 2020; 323(15): 1478–1487. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.2717
4. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Point prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in European acute care hospitals. Stockholm: ECDC, 2024. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/PPS-HAI-AMR-acute-care-europe-2022-2023
5. Palaiopanos K., Krystallaki D., Mellou K., Kotoulas P., Kavakioti Ch.-A., Vorre S. et al. Healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in acute care hospitals in Greece, 2022; results of the third point prevalence survey. Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control. 2024; 13(1): 1–11. DOI: 10.1186/s13756-024- 01367-8
6. Bunduki G.K., Masoamphambe E., Fox T., Musaya J., Musicha P., Feasey N. Prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial resistance of endemic healthcare-associated infections in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect. Dis. 2024; 24(1): 1–18. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024- 09038-0
7. Weiner-Lastinger L.M., Abner S., Edwards J.R., Kallen A.J., Karlsson M., Magill S.S. et al. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with adult healthcare-associated infections: Summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network, 2015-2017. Infect. Control. Hosp. Epidemiol. 2020; 41(1): 1–18. DOI: 10.1017/ice.2019.296
8. Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program. Device-associated infections in Canadian acute-care hospitals from 2009 to 2018. Can. Commun. Dis. Rep. 2020; 46(1112): 387–397. DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v46i1112a05
9. Кулабухов В.В., Амбарцумян М.В., Дехнич А.В., Ершова О.Н., Зубарева Н.А., Кузьменков А.Ю. и др. Распространенность инфекций в отделениях реанимации и интенсивной терапии: результаты российского национального многоцентрового исследования РИОРИТа-II. Клин. Микробиол. Антимикроб. Химиотер. 2025; 27(2): 124–133. (Kulabukhov V.V., Ambarcsumyan M.V., Dekhnic A.V., Ershova O.N., Zubareva N.A., Kuzmenkov A.Yu. et al. Infections in ICUs in Russia: the results of a nationwide study RIORITa-II. Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2025; 27(2): 124–133. (In Russ.)). DOI: 10.36488/cmac.2025.2.124-133
10. Карноух К.И., Дроздов В.Н., Ших Е.В., Жилина С.В., Лазарева Н.Б. Этиология бактериальных инфекций, связанных с оказанием медицинской помощи, и антибиотикорезистентность основных возбудителей у пациентов, госпитализированных с COVID-19: ретроспективный анализ. Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук 2022; 77(1): 25–32. (Karnoukh K.I., Drozdov V.N., Shikh E.V., Zhilina S.V., Lazareva N.B. Etiology and antimicrobial resistance of secondary bacterial infections in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: a retrospective analysis. Annals of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences 2022; 77(1): 25–32. (In Russ.)). DOI: 10.15690/vramn1552
11. Marusic V., Markovic-Denic L., Djuric O., Cirkovic A., Nikolic V., Dubljanin-Raspopovic E. et al. Incidence and Risk Factors of 30-Day Surgical Site Infection after Primary Total Joint Arthroplasty in a Middle-Income Country: A Single-Center Experience. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021; 18(3): 1–11. DOI 10.3390/ijerph18030863
12. Набиева А.С., Асланов Б.И., Шилохвостова Е.М. Эпидемиологическая характеристика инфекций, связанных с оказанием медицинской помощи, в детской кардиохирургии. Профилактическая и клиническая медицина 2022; 3(84): 36–41. (Nabieva A.S., Aslanov B.I., Shilokhvostova E.M. et al. (Epidemiological characteristics of healthcare-associated infections in pediatric cardiac surgery. Preventive and Clinical Medicine. 2022; 3(84): 36–41. (In Russ.)). DOI: 10.47843/2074-9120-2022-3-36
13. Лещева Д.Д., Перфильева Д.Ю., Бойков В.А., Антипина Е.А. Клинико-эпидемиологические аспекты повторных госпитализаций пациентов с инфекциями области хирургического вмешательства. Сибирское медицинское обозрение 2025; 1(151): 71–76. (Leshcheva D.D., Perfileva D.YU., Boykov V.A., Antipina E.А. Clinical and epidemiological aspects of rehospitalisation of patients with surgical site infections. Siberian Medical Review 2025; 1(151): 71–76. (In Russ.)). DOI: 10.20333/25000136-2025-1-71-76
14. Аксельров М.А., Разин М.П., Фоминых О.О., Черкасова И.А., Аксельров Е.М., Тулуджан А.П. Микробиологическая диагностика и мониторинг возбудителей инфекций, связанных с оказанием медицинской помощи, в экстренном хирургическом стационаре. Экспериментальная медицина и клиническая диагностик 2025; 2(86): 31–36. (Akselrov M.A., Razin M.P., Fominykh O.O., Cherkasova I.A., Akselrov E.M., Talujan A.P. Microbiological diagnostics and monitoring of bacterial nosocomial infections in the surgical intensive care unit. Experimental Medicine and Clinical Diagnostics 2025; 2(86): 31–36. (In Russ.)). DOI: 10.24412/2220-7880-2025-2-31-36
15. Antonelli A., Ales M.E., Chiecca G., Dalla Valle Z., De Ponti E., Cereda D. et al. Healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in acute care hospitals: a point prevalence survey in Lombardy, Italy, in 2022. BMC Infect. Dis. 2024; 24(1): 1–9. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09487-7
16. Bonell A., Azarrafiy R., Huong V.T.L., Viet T.L., Phu V.D., Dat V.Q. et al.. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Ventilator-associated Pneumonia in Adults in Asia: An Analysis of National Income Level on Incidence and Etiology. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2019; 68(3): 511–518. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy543
17. Shen L., Sun W., Zhou K., Zhang Y., Lei Y., Ni C. The bactericidal efficacy of two antiseptics against common pathogens associated with catheter-associated urinary tract infection in the elderly under divergent conditions: A laboratory-based study. BMC Infect. Dis. 2025; 25(1): 1–9. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-025-10888-5
18. D’Incau S., Atkinson A., Leitner L., Kronenberg A., Kessler T.M., Marschall J. Bacterial species and antimicrobial resistance differ between catheter and non-catheter-associated urinary tract infections: Data from a national surveillance network. Antimicrob. Steward Health Epidemiol. 2023; 3(1): 1–6. DOI: 10.1017/ash.2022.340
19. Касьянова И.А., Квашнина Д.В., Ковалишена О.В., Сутырина О.М. Обеспечение эпидемиологической безопасности при катетеризации мочевого пузыря. Журнал МедиАль 2020; 1(25): 10–15. (Kas’yanova I.A., Kvashnina D.V., Kovalishena O.V., Sutyrina O.M. Ensuring the epidemiological safety of bladder catheterization. Journal MediAl 2020; 1(25):10–15. (In Russ.)). DOI: 10.21145/2225-0026-2020-1-10-15
About the Authors
Olga A. Abrosimova, Epidemiologist, Head, Epidemiology Service, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russia; dr.kvasova@yandex.ru; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4545-1804Oksana A. Orlova, MD, Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Healthcare-Associated Infections, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russia; oksana_orlova@bk.ru; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6701-1252
Natalya V. Sycheva, Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Healthcare-Associated Infections, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russia; natsy@bk.ru; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8557-6540
Professor Aleksey V. Tutelyan, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, MD, Head, Laboratory of Healthcare-Associated Infections, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russia; bio-tav@yandex.ru; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2706-6689
Professor Vasily G. Akimkin, Academician of the Russian Academy, MD, Director, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russia; vgakimkin@yandex.ru; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4228-9044
Similar Articles
